Semantic Mapping Vocabulary

A matching process that exploits background knowledge from external resources, commonly referred to as background knowledge resources. This approach is also known as indirect matching, BK-based matching or context-based matching.

A match between a subject A and an object B was established because they appear equivalent under consideration of externally provided background knowledge.

A normalization technique replacing all blank characters, such as space, tabulation, carriage return (or sequences of these) into a single blank character.

The string 'ontology  matching' (two spaces between 'ontology' and 'matching) becomes 'ontology matching' (one space).

A normalization technique converting each alphabetic character in a string to their lower case counterpart.

The string 'Ontology' is normalised to 'ontology' (lower case).

A matching process based on multiple, possibly intertwined, matching approaches.

An ontology matching tool determines that a subject should be mapped to an object by employing a range of techniques, including lexical, semantic and structural.

A normalization technique replacing diactritic signs (e.g. accents, hats) with their most frequent replacements.

The string 'Protégé' is normalised to 'Protege'.

A normalization technique removing all numbers in a string.

The string 'ontology1' becomes 'ontology'.

A matching process based on individual representations (or instances).

A match between a subject A and an object B was established because they share the same instances.

The process of reducing the different forms of a word to one single form.

A matching process based on a lexical comparison between one or more syntactic features of the subject with one or more syntactic features of the object.

The label of a subject entity matches to an exact synonym of an object entity.

A lexical matching process based on a minimum threshold of a score from a comparison based on a lexical similarity algorithm.

A match between a subject and an object was established because they had a Levenshtein score higher than 0.8.

A normalization technique replacing specific links between words, such as apostrophes, dashes, underscore, etc into dashes or blanks.

The string 'alzheimer's' becomes 'alzheimers'.

A matching process based on the inferences made by a logical reasoner.

Two classes across ontologies are determined equivalent by an OWL reasoner such as ELK.

An matching process that is performed by a human agent and is based on human judgement and domain knowledge.

A human curator determines that a subject should be mapped to an object by virtue of their domain expertise.

A triple comprising a subject entity s, an object entity o and a mapping predicate p.

The subject entity NCI:C9305 is mapped to the object entity ICD10:C80.9 using the skos:relatedMatch mapping predicate.

A process that relates to the creation, confirmation, rejection or curation of a mapping.

Matching is a mapping activity that results in the creating of a mapping; mapping review is an activity that results in the confirmation of a mapping.

• mapping review ^c
• matching process ^c
• matching process post-processing ^c
• matching process pre-processing ^c

A matching process based on the traversing of multiple mappings.

A match between a subject A and an object B was established because A was mapped to C, C was mapped to D and D was mapped to B.

A matching process based on the inverting or flipping of the subject with the object of a mapping in accordance with the semantics of the mapping predicate.

A broad match between a subject A and an object B using the skos:narrowMatch mapping relation was established because B was mapped to A using the skos:broadMatch mapping relation.

A process that is concerned with determining if a mapping “candidate” (otherwise determined) is reasonable/correct.

A match between a subject A and an object B was established elsewhere, and a human reviewer determined that the mapping is true (or false) based on an independent evaluation.

An process that results in a mapping between a subject and an object entity.

The label of a subject entity matches to an exact synonym of an object entity.

• background knowledge-based matching process ^c
• composite matching process ^c
• instance-based matching process ^c
• lexical matching process ^c
• lexical similarity threshold-based matching process ^c
• logical reasoning matching process ^c
• manual mapping curation ^c
• mapping chaining-based matching process ^c
• mapping inversion-based matching process ^c
• semantic similarity threshold-based matching process ^c
• structural matching process ^c
• unspecified matching process ^c

A process applied to a set of mappings, usually with the intention of changing it.

• cardinality filtering ^c
• logical consistency filtering ^c
• stable marriage filtering ^c
• threshold filtering ^c

A preliminary processing of inputs prior to performing matching.

A family of preprocessing techniques for reducing strings to be compared to a common format.

• blank normalisation ^c
• case normalization ^c
• diacritics suppression ^c
• digit suppression ^c
• lemmatization ^c
• link stripping ^c
• punctuation elimination ^c
• regex removal ^c
• regex replacement ^c
• stemming ^c
• stop-word removal ^c
• term extraction ^c
• tokenization ^c

A normalization technique removing all punctation characters from a string.

The string 'e.g.' becomes 'eg'.

A preprocessing method transforming a string by matching a regular expression and then removing that match.

The regex match “[ -]phenotype” is removed from the label field of the subject entity in the mapping.

A preprocessing method transforming a string by matching a regular expression and then replacing that match with a specified substitution string.

The regex match “[ -]phenotype” is replaced by “-disease” for the label field of the subject entity in the mapping.

A matching process based on a minimum threshold of a score from a comparison based on a semantic similarity algorithm.

A match between a subject and an object entity was established because they had a Jaccard score higher than 0.8 based on the set of (common) superclasses.

A technique for determining a score that characterises the similarity between two entities.

• language-based similarity measure ^c
• string-based similarity measure ^c

The process of reducing a word to its word stem.

A preprocessing method transforming a string by removing a list of stop words.

The stop-words “of, and, is, a” are removed from the label field of the subject entity in the mapping.

A similarity measure based on the comparison of strings.

• edit distance ^c
• hamming distance ^c
• string equality ^c
• substring similarity ^c
• substring test ^c
• token-based distance ^c
• ngram similarity ^c

A string-based similarity measure which involves determining if two strings associated with mapping entities are equal.

Structural matching does not involve looking at "values" of properties.

A match between a subject and an object was established because of the similarity of their structural features, e.g., the number of direct property of a class.

A matching process based on an unspecified comparison.

A mapping between a subject and an object was established, but it is no longer clear how or why.

A match where the object is a broader concept than the subject.

A match where the subject and object are sufficiently similar that they can be used interchangeably in some information retrieval applications.

• has exact match ^ap
• cross-species close match ^ap

A match where the subject and object are sufficiently similar, with a high degree of confidence, that they can be used interchangeably across a wide range of information retrieval applications.

• has close match ^ap
• isomorphic match ^ap

A mapping (alignment) link between two concepts.

• has close match ^ap
• isomorphic match ^ap
• non-isomorphic match ^ap

A match where the object is a narrower concept that the subject.

A match where the subject and the object are inherently related, but where none is in any way more general than the other.

A match where the subject is considered analogous to the subject in a different taxonomic grouping, but the object refers to a broader concept.

FBbt:00007091 (D. melanogaster “subperineurial glial sheath”) and UBERON:0000202 (taxon-neutral “glial blood brain barrier”) are a cross-species broad match.

A match where the subject and the object belong in different taxonomic groupings, but refer to concepts similar enough that they can be used interchangeably.

• has close match ^ap
• non-isomorphic match ^ap

A match where the subject is considered analogous to the object in a different taxonomic grouping.

FBbt:00005074 (D. melanogaster “muscle cell”) and CL:0000187 (taxon-neutral “muscle cell”) are a cross-species exact match.

• has related match ^ap
• isomorphic match ^ap

A match where the subject is considered analogous to the subject in a different taxonomic grouping, but the object refers to a narrower concept.

A match where the subject is isomorphic to the object, i.e. considered of identical or similar form, shape, or structure.

• has exact match ^ap
• cross-species exact match ^ap

A match where the subject cannot be considered isomorphic to the object, i.e. considered of identical or similar form, shape, or structure. The object corresponds to exactly one subject in the subject_source.

• has broader match ^ap
• has narrower match ^ap
• has related match ^ap
• cross-species close match ^ap